Transmission Loss Minimization For Power Supply Expansion And Planning Using Distributed Generation (Dg)

ABSTRACT

The epileptic power supply from the national grid due to instability is a concern to energy consumer. This instability in power supply experienced in power transmission network could be minimized by introducing distributed generation (DG). The goal of this work is to calculate the total loss in the system and minimize this loss by implementation of distributed generation (DG) technology. In this paper, load flow analysis method is followed to calculate the loss in the system in conjunction with the line flows. A simple 5 bus system with the main bus of the substation as the slack bus, three Plant generators at the generator bus and three load buses are taken for analysis. For loss minimization two distributed generators at two load buses are connected. One generator is a synchronous type model and the other is asynchronous type model. We searched for the most economical penetration level and the ratings of the distributed generators are decided by the magnitude of penetration power at each load bus. Using software, power system simulation for electrical (PSSE), the system with and without DG technology is modeled and the output from the PSSE is observed. The results provide solutions to the power transmission system for the optimal switching scheme for network reconfiguration with improvement in active power of the system.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

 TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
• RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
• PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1      REVIEW OF THE STUDY

2.2     LOSSES IN POWER SYSTEMS

2.3     THE NIGERIAN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM

2.4      FACTORS AFFECTING THE SYSTEM LOSSES

2.5      REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

CHAPTER THREE

3.0      MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1      PROBLEM FORMULATION

3.2      LINE FLOWS

3.3     DISTRIBUTED GENERATORS

3.3.1  Synchronous generator technologies (SGTs)

3.3.2  Induction Generator Technologies (Igts)

3.3.3    Asynchronous Generator Based Technologies (AGTS)

3.4      PENETRATION LEVEL

CHAPTER FOUR               

4.0     RESULT AND DISCUSSION

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION AND REFERENCES
• CONCLUSION
• RECOMMENDATION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION

1.1                                           BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The primary objective of Power Systems design is to operate the systems economically at maximum efficiency and supply power on demand to various load centers with high reliability. The rising electric power demand in the 21st- century, has called for re-structuring of the electric power system. The restructuring is in two aspects – one is the technical aspect and the other the Management aspect.

Electricity consumers are increasing their demand for quality power supply more than what we had three years ago. It requires a modern technique to contain the situation. The growth of electricity demand is increasing rapidly which will require techniques or methods to enhance loss reduction in power system.

Power losses appear in every part of our power system like in generation, transmission and distribution as well as in consumption process. Starting from the generation, the inputs such as petroleum, natural gas and coal in case of thermal power plant; nuclear fuel as in case of nuclear power plant were combusted to produce heat to convert water into steam to run the prime mover of the generators. In the process of combustion a large amount of energy is lost in the form of heat. Even in the case of hydropower plant there is a loss in the transformation process due to technical inefficiency. After generation; electricity output is transmitted using transmission lines usually high or medium voltage above 132 kV. In transmission lines the main causes of electricity loss are the technical factors, the climatological factors and the geographical conditions. Corona loss also occurs when the line to line voltage exceed the disruptive critical voltage i.e. the potential difference between the conductors, at which the electric field intensity at the surface of the conductor exceed the critical value (Alumona et al., 2014). Radiation loss occurs when the magnetic lines of force about a conductor do not return to the conductor when the cycle alternates. High frequency radiations like X-rays, gamma rays, ultraviolet rays called ionizing radiations can remove an electron from an atom or molecule. Low frequency radiations are called as non-ionizing radiation and they have enough energy to move an atom in a molecule (Jimenz et al., 2014).

Many authors have proposed many types of ways to achieve a considerable reduction in power losses causing power outages. A closer review of known methods will be considered in the subheading below to see which of the techniques could reduce system energy loss and alleviates transmission congestion, as well as improving voltage profile a good method should be able to enhance reliability and provides lower operating cost.

Power loss rate is an essential comprehensive index to measure the technical management and operation management levels of power supply enterprises. Since the power loss of the transmission network occupies a considerable proportion in the whole power system, the loss reduction modification of the transmission network has always been the critical work for power supply enterprises to improve their economic operation. Thus, loss reduction optimization for the transmission network is a vital problem for power supply enterprises (Leite et al., 2018).

Loss reduction strategies of a transmission network can be mainly divided into management and technical strategies. Since the management strategies are primarily related to human factors, the primary task of power supply enterprises is to optimize the power loss management system and standardize the power loss management process (Anthony et al., 2009). Thus, the technical strategies of loss reduction are mainly taken into consideration in this paper.

The focus of this work is on the application of distributed generation on transmission network loss minimization for Transmission expansion planning (TEP).

1.2                                                  PROBLEM STATEMENT

In recent year, electric power demand has increased drastically due to superiority of electric energy to all other forms of energy and the expansion of power generation and transmission has been severely limited sequel to limited resources, environmental restrictions and lack of privatization as can be found in the developing countries such Nigeria. No matter how the power system is designed, losses are unavoidable and must be minimized before accurate representation can be calculated. This work studied a means of power loss minimization in transmission network.

1.3      AIM OF THE STUDY

This paper is aimed at using distributed generation to carry out power loss minimization in 132kV Power transmission network in Nigeria.

1.4      OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the study are:

1. To carry out a mathematical analysis of losses that occurs in electric power system.
2. To derive loss formula, loss factor, use of system parameters for evaluating the system losses, the differential power loss.

• To reduce power Loss in 132kv Power transmission Network Using distributed generation for power supply for power supply expansion and planning.

1.5        RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What do you mean by losses on power system?
2. What is the cause of power loss in power transmission?

• What are the effects of losses in transmission lines?

1.6         SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study was carried out to address the problem of power loss in transmission system. The solutions proffered would enable improved response, first to efficiently manage the available energy and also to grow the industry for the good of the nation. In this study, 5 bus system with the main bus of the substation as the slack bus, three Plant generators at the generator bus and three load buses are taken for analysis. For loss minimization two distributed generators at two load buses are connected. One generator is a synchronous type model and the other is asynchronous type model. Using software, power system simulation for electrical (PSSE), the system with and without DG technology is modeled and the output from the PSSE is observed.

1.7           SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The transmission system is the first and major part of the supply chain. It is, in many cases, the largest investment, maintenance and operation expense, and the object of interest to government, financial agencies, and associations of concerned citizens. This study throws light in how electrical transmission system’s loss can be minimized In order to increase the efficiency of the transmission electrical networks.

This study will serve as a means of learning how to minimized electrical lose in the system.

The study will provide technical information that could help in the future expansion and operation planning of the power transmission network.

1.8              PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of loss minimization in power transmission system is to improve their reliability, efficiency and service quality.