In order to access the prevalence and sensitivity pattern of urinary pathogens, 60 midstream urine samples from students of Caritas University were investigated using cultural methods. Samples were examined microscopically and cultured in blood agar and Macckonkey agar. Disk diffusion method was used for antibiotic testing. Of the 60 urine samples 48 yielded significant growth with a prevalence rate of 80%. It was observed that females were more infected than the males with a prevalence rate of 56.70% and 43.30% respectively under the ages of 18-25yrs. Escherichia coli was the most predominant. The isolates were very sensitive to Gentamycin, Nitrofurantoin and Ofloxacin which were the (most sensitive) and the most resistant were Tetracycline, Cortrimozol, Cephalexin and Ampicillin. Therefore Nitrofurantoin, Gentamycin, Ofloxacin were strongly recommended for the treatment of UTI as indicated in the study.
Title page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Tables of contents
List of tables
CHAPATER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Aims and objectives of the study
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review
2.1 Microorganisms found in urine and their etiology
2.1.1 Bacteria
2.1.2 Viruses
2.1.3 Fungi
2.1.4 Protozoa
2.2.1 Entry of bacteria into the urinary tract
2.2.2 Routes of bacteria infection
2.2.3 Symptoms of UTI
2.2.4 Diagnosis
2.2.5 Treatment
2.2.5.1 Aims of treatment of UTI
2.2.5.2 Future strategies in treatment of bacteria/UTI
2.2.6 Prevention and control
2.3.0 Antimicrobial resistance
2.3.1 Mechanisms of drug resistance
2.3.1.1 Drug- inactivating enzyme
2.3.1.2 Alteration in the target molecule
2.3.1.3 Decrease uptake of the drugs
2.3.1.4 Increased elimination of the drugs
2.3.2 Conditions influencing the effectiveness of drugs
2.3.2.1 Population size
2.3.2.2 Population composition
2.3.2.3 Concentration and intensity of antimicrobial agent
2.3.2.4 Duration of exposure
2.3.2.5 Temperature
2.3.3 Actions of antimicrobial drugs
2.3.3.1 Inhibition of cell synthesis
2.3.3.2 Inhibition of cell membrane
2.3.3.3 Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
2.3.3.4 Inhibition of essential metabolites
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and methods
3.1 Sample collection
3.1.2 Antimicrobial susceptibility test
3.1.3 Urinalysis test
3.2 Gram staining
3.3 Biochemical test
3.3.1 Catalase test
3.3.2 Coagulase test
3.3.3 Motility test
3.3.4 Methyl test
3.3.5 Urease test
3.3.6 Indole test
3.3.7 Citrate utilization test
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Result
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Discussion
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
References
Appendix I
Appendix II
Prevalence And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Of Gram Negative Bacteria In The Urine. (n.d.). UniTopics. https://www.unitopics.com/project/material/prevalence-and-antimicrobial-susceptibility-of-gram-negative-bacteria-in-the-urine/
“Prevalence And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Of Gram Negative Bacteria In The Urine.” UniTopics, https://www.unitopics.com/project/material/prevalence-and-antimicrobial-susceptibility-of-gram-negative-bacteria-in-the-urine/. Accessed 24 November 2024.
“Prevalence And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Of Gram Negative Bacteria In The Urine.” UniTopics, Accessed November 24, 2024. https://www.unitopics.com/project/material/prevalence-and-antimicrobial-susceptibility-of-gram-negative-bacteria-in-the-urine/
Here’s a typical structure for Prevalence And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Of Gram Negative Bacteria In The Urine research projects:
- The title page of Prevalence And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Of Gram Negative Bacteria In The Urine should include the project title, your name, institution, and date.
- The abstract of Prevalence And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Of Gram Negative Bacteria In The Urine should be a summary of around 150-250 words and should highlight the main objectives, methods, results, and conclusions.
- The introduction of Prevalence And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Of Gram Negative Bacteria In The Urine should provide the background information, outline the research problem, and state the objectives and significance of the study.
- Review existing research related to Prevalence And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Of Gram Negative Bacteria In The Urine, identifying gaps the study aims to fill.
- The methodology section of Prevalence And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Of Gram Negative Bacteria In The Urine should describe the research design, data collection methods, and analytical techniques used.
- Present the findings of the Prevalence And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Of Gram Negative Bacteria In The Urine research study using tables, charts, and graphs to illustrate key points.
- Interpret Prevalence And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Of Gram Negative Bacteria In The Urine results, discussing their implications, limitations, and potential areas for future research.
- Summarize the main findings of the Prevalence And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Of Gram Negative Bacteria In The Urine study and restate its significance.
- List all the sources you cited in Prevalence And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Of Gram Negative Bacteria In The Urine project, following a specific citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).