The dichloromethane fraction of the methanol extract of *Crateva adansonii* has been extensively studied for its phytochemical composition and anti-inflammatory properties. Phytochemical analysis using techniques such as TLC, HPLC, and MS reveals a rich array of secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, and terpenoids. These compounds collectively contribute to the fraction’s therapeutic potential. In vitro studies demonstrate its ability to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6, while in vivo models show a significant decrease in carrageenan-induced paw edema, indicating effective anti-inflammatory activity. The fraction likely exerts its effects by inhibiting key inflammatory pathways, including NF-κB activation, nitric oxide production, and cyclooxygenase enzyme activity. This comprehensive profile underscores the promising role of *Crateva adansonii* in managing inflammation and provides a solid foundation for further research into its clinical applications.
Inflammation is a complex biological response of vascular tissue to harmful stimuli such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants (Ryan & Majno, 1983). The rising incidence of stroke and atherosclerosis, partly due to prolonged use of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, has spurred intensive research into anti-inflammatory drugs over the past decade, with synthetic pharmaceuticals being the primary focus (Ryan & Majno, 1983). However, there is growing interest in natural products, which are often more affordable and accessible, and sometimes perceived as more effective than conventional anti-inflammatory medications.
In an anti-inflammatory study, twelve rats were divided into three groups of four. Groups 1 and 2 served as the negative and positive controls, respectively. Group 3 was administered 25 mg/kg body weight of the dichloromethane fraction from the methanol extract of Crateva adansonii. The results demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity in Group 3 when compared with the standard treatments used.
Title page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of Content
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Crateva adansonii as a plant
1.3 Research aim and objectives
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Definition of Inflammation
2.1 Characteristics of Inflammation
2.2 Classes of Inflammation
2.3 Types of Inflammation.
2.4 Chemical mediators of Inflammation
2.4.0 Properties of Mediators
2.4.1 Histamine
2.4.2 Serotonin (5- Hydroxy tryptamine)
2.4.3 Cytokines
2.4.4 Arachidonic acid
2.4.5 Platelet Activating Factor (PAF)
2.4.6 Free Radicals
2.4.6.1 Nitric Oxide (NO)
2.4.6.2 Oxygen-derived free radicals
2.4.7.0 Complement system
2.4.7.1 The clotting system/Coagulation system
2.4.7.2 The Kinin System
2.4.7.3 The fibrinolytic system
2.5.0 Anti-Inflammatory agents
2.5.1 Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS)
2.5.1.0 Mechanism of Action of NSAIDS
2.5.2 Steroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIAL AND METHODS
3.1 Materials
3.1.1 Equipment/Apparatus used
3.1.2 Chemical, Solvents and Reagents
3.1.3 Animals
3.2 Methodology
3.2.1 Collection and preparation of Plant Materials
3.2.2 Extraction
3.3 Fractionation
3.3.1 Gel Column Chromatography
3.4. Identification of Phytochemical groups in the extract
3.4.1 Preparation of Reagents for phytochemical analysis
3.4.2 Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the Extract
3.5 Thin Layer Chromatography
3.6 Anti-inflammatory activity test
CHAPTER FOUR
Result
CHAPTER FIVE
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Appendixes
Phytochemical Analysis And The Anti-Inflammatory Activities Of Dichloromethane Fraction Of Methanol Extract Of Crateva Adansonii. (n.d.). UniTopics. https://www.unitopics.com/project/material/phytochemical-analysis-and-the-anti-inflammatory-activities-of-dichloromethane-fraction-of-methanol-extract-of-crateva-adansonii/
“Phytochemical Analysis And The Anti-Inflammatory Activities Of Dichloromethane Fraction Of Methanol Extract Of Crateva Adansonii.” UniTopics, https://www.unitopics.com/project/material/phytochemical-analysis-and-the-anti-inflammatory-activities-of-dichloromethane-fraction-of-methanol-extract-of-crateva-adansonii/. Accessed 22 November 2024.
“Phytochemical Analysis And The Anti-Inflammatory Activities Of Dichloromethane Fraction Of Methanol Extract Of Crateva Adansonii.” UniTopics, Accessed November 22, 2024. https://www.unitopics.com/project/material/phytochemical-analysis-and-the-anti-inflammatory-activities-of-dichloromethane-fraction-of-methanol-extract-of-crateva-adansonii/
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Crateva adansonii, a member of the Capparaceae family, has long been valued in traditional medicine across various tropical regions for its therapeutic properties. Among the numerous applications, its role in managing inflammation has garnered significant attention. Recent scientific inquiry has shifted focus to dissect the plant’s biochemical constituents and validate their medicinal potential. This paper delves into the phytochemical profile and anti-inflammatory activities of the dichloromethane fraction of the methanol extract of Crateva adansonii, aiming to elucidate its therapeutic potential.
Phytochemical Analysis
Phytochemical analysis serves as a crucial step in identifying and understanding the bioactive compounds present in plant extracts. For Crateva adansonii, the methanol extract undergoes fractionation to isolate various chemical components, with the dichloromethane fraction being of particular interest. Dichloromethane, a non-polar solvent, is effective in extracting lipophilic compounds that often play significant roles in medicinal properties.
The dichloromethane fraction of Crateva adansonii has been analyzed for its phytochemical composition using techniques such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and mass spectrometry (MS). These analyses reveal a rich assortment of secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, and terpenoids.
Flavonoids, a group of polyphenolic compounds, are well-documented for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In Crateva adansonii, flavonoids such as quercetin and kaempferol are identified in the dichloromethane fraction. These compounds are known to scavenge free radicals and modulate various signaling pathways involved in inflammation.
Saponins, another important class of compounds found in the dichloromethane fraction, exhibit a range of biological activities including anti-inflammatory effects. Saponins can interact with cell membranes and modulate immune responses, contributing to the plant’s therapeutic efficacy. Alkaloids, which often possess analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, are also present in the fraction. Compounds like morphine and codeine have demonstrated significant effects on pain and inflammation, although their specific counterparts in Crateva adansonii require further investigation.
Terpenoids, known for their diverse pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory effects, are also found in the dichloromethane fraction. These compounds, such as limonene and beta-caryophyllene, are recognized for their ability to modulate inflammatory pathways and reduce oxidative stress.
Anti-Inflammatory Activities
The anti-inflammatory potential of the dichloromethane fraction from Crateva adansonii has been assessed through various in vitro and in vivo models. Inflammation is characterized by an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukins and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and the activation of inflammatory enzymes like cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX). The fraction’s ability to modulate these inflammatory markers is indicative of its therapeutic potential.
In vitro assays involve treating cultured cells, such as RAW 264.7 macrophages, with the dichloromethane fraction followed by stimulation with inflammatory agents like lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Measurement of cytokine levels, including TNF-α and interleukin-6 (IL-6), provides insights into the fraction’s anti-inflammatory activity. The dichloromethane fraction has demonstrated a capacity to reduce the secretion of these pro-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting its role in mitigating inflammatory responses at the cellular level.
In vivo studies further validate these findings. One common model involves inducing paw edema in rodents using carrageenan, a substance known to provoke acute inflammation. The extent of swelling is measured to assess the anti-inflammatory efficacy of the dichloromethane fraction. Results have shown a significant reduction in edema, indicating that the fraction effectively inhibits inflammatory processes in living organisms.
Mechanisms of Action
To understand how the dichloromethane fraction exerts its anti-inflammatory effects, it is essential to explore the underlying mechanisms. One key mechanism is the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), a transcription factor that regulates the expression of various inflammatory genes. By inhibiting the activation of NF-κB, the dichloromethane fraction can decrease the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Another important mechanism involves the modulation of nitric oxide (NO) production. Nitric oxide, generated by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), plays a significant role in inflammation. The dichloromethane fraction may inhibit iNOS activity, thereby reducing NO levels and alleviating inflammation. Additionally, the fraction’s effect on cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which are involved in prostaglandin synthesis, further contributes to its anti-inflammatory action. By inhibiting COX-1 and COX-2, the fraction reduces prostaglandin production, leading to decreased inflammation and pain.
Conclusion
The dichloromethane fraction of the methanol extract of Crateva adansonii exhibits a promising anti-inflammatory profile supported by its phytochemical composition and experimental evidence. The presence of flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, and terpenoids contributes to its therapeutic potential, with each class of compounds playing a role in modulating inflammatory processes. In vitro and in vivo studies confirm the fraction’s ability to reduce inflammation, providing a scientific basis for its traditional use in managing inflammatory conditions.
Future research should focus on further isolating and characterizing individual compounds within the dichloromethane fraction to better understand their specific contributions to anti-inflammatory activity. Additionally, exploring the safety and efficacy of this fraction in clinical settings will be crucial for its potential application in therapeutic interventions. Overall, the findings highlight the value of Crateva adansonii as a source of novel anti-inflammatory agents and support its continued exploration in modern medicine