Integrated Circuit

ABSTRACT

This work is on an integrated circuit which is described as a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece of semiconductor material that is normally silicon. The integration of large numbers of tiny MOS transistors into a small chip results in circuits that are orders of magnitude smaller, faster, and less expensive than those constructed of discrete electronic components. The IC’s also found its way in military applications, state of the art communication systems, and industrial applications due to its high reliability and compact size. Nowadays, an IC that has the size of a fingernail consists of more than a million transistors and other discrete components embedded into it. Thus an integrated circuit can also be called a microchip and is basically a collection of some discrete circuits on a small chip that is made of a semiconductor material like silicon. The aim of this work is to carry out a research on integrated circuits.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWELDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
• AIM OF THE PROJECT
• ADVANTAGES OF ICS
• DISADVANTAGES OF ICS
• APPLICATION OF THE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
• PURPOSE OF USING ICS

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• HISTORY OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
• LIMITATIONS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
• DIFFERENT TYPES OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
• TYPES OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS BASED ON CLASSES

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

• ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE IC CIRCUIT -555 TIMER
• 555 TIMER BLOCK DIAGRAM
• FEATURES OF THE 555 TIMER
• PIN CONFIGURATION OF THE 555 TIMER
• 555 TIMER PIN DESCRIPTION

CHAPTER FOUR

• IC PACKAGES
• IC PIN NUMBERING
• MOUNTING STYLE

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                          INTRODUCTION

1.1                            BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Integrated circuit or IC or microchip or chip is a microscopic electronic circuit array formed by the fabrication of various electrical and electronic components (resistors, capacitors, transistors, and so on) on a semiconductor material (silicon) wafer, which can perform operations similar to the large discrete electronic circuits made of discrete electronic components.

As all these arrays of components, microscopic circuits and semiconductor wafer material base are integrated together to form a single chip, hence, it is called an integrated circuit or integrated chip or microchip.

Electronic circuits are developed using individual or discrete electronic components with different sizes, such that the cost and size of these discrete circuits increase with the number of components used in the circuit. To conquer this negative aspect, the integrated circuit technology was developed – Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments developed the first IC or integrated circuit in the 1950s, and thereafter, Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor solved some practical problems of this integrated circuit.

Integrated Circuit are the tiny electronic circuits used to perform a specific electronic function, such as amplification, mathematic operations, switching, mixing signals, computer memory, timer, counter etc. It is usually combined with other components to form a more complex system. It is formed as a single unit by diffusing impurities into single- crystal silicon, which then serves as a semiconductor material. The aim of this work is to carry out a research on an integrated circuit.

1.2                                       AIM OF THE STUDY

The main aim of this work is to carry out a research on an integrated circuit which is known as small chip that can function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, microprocessor, or even computer memory. An IC is a small wafer, usually made of silicon, that can hold anywhere from hundreds to millions of transistors, resistors, and capacitors.

•                                   ADVANTAGES OF IC

Integrated circuits offer many advantages. They are discussed below −

• Compact size − For a given functionality, you can obtain a circuit of smaller size using ICs, compared to that built using a discrete circuit.
• Lesser weight − A circuit built with ICs weighs lesser when compared to the weight of a discrete circuit that is used for implementing the same function of IC. using ICs, compared to that built using a discrete circuit.
• Low power consumption − ICs consume lower power than a traditional circuit, because of their smaller size and construction.
• Reduced cost − ICs are available at much reduced cost than discrete circuits because of their fabrication technologies and usage of lesser material than discrete circuits.
• Increased reliability − Since they employ lesser connections, ICs offer increased reliability compared to digital circuits.
• Improved operating speeds − ICs operate at improved speeds because of their switching speeds and lesser power consumption.

1.4                                   DISADVANTAGES OF IC

1. Coils or indicators cannot be fabricated.
2. It can be handle only limited amount of power.
3. High grade P-N-P assembly is not possible.
4. It is difficult to be achieved low temperature coefficient.
5. The power dissipation is limited to 10 watts.
6. Low noise and high voltage operation are not easily obtained.
7. Inductors and transformers are needed connecting to exterior to the semiconductor chip as it is not possible to fabricate inductor and transformers on the semiconductor chip surface.
8. Inductors cannot be fabricated directly.
9. Low noise and high voltage operation are not easily obtained.

1.5             APPLICATION OF THE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

Many integrated circuits can be found in almost every electronic device. They function as timers, amplifiers, logic units, counters, calculators, temperature sensors, and radio receivers. Integrated circuits are used in almost all electronic equipment in use today and have revolutionized the world of electronics.

1.6                 PURPOSE OF USING INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

An Integrated Circuit has become the integral part of almost every electronic today because of its compatibility. It makes circuit portable and simple to build and troubleshoot.