Utilizing Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) in concrete mix is a major way of turning waste to wealth. Gravel as an aggregate is cheaper than granite. Thus, obtaining an optimum combination of these materials in achieving a maximum compressive strength in concrete will go a long way in helping the construction industry.The study was carried out to establish an optimum replacement ratio for Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) blended granite-gravel of concrete. Uniform water/binder (w/b) ratio of 0.5 and mixes ratio of 1:2:4 was utilized. Thirteen runs of experiments plus control were designed using the Central Composite Response Surface method (Design Expert). Based on the analysis, the increase in granite volume led to increase in compressive strength. However, increase in POFA percentage led to decrease in compressive strength at 7, 28, 56 and 90 days curing ages. The study also observed highest compressive strength at 25% POFA replacement and lowest at 35% replacement. Also, for granite, highest and lowest compressive strength were achieved at 100% and 0% replacement respectively. However, for slump height, the higher the percentage of granite or POFA in concrete, the higher the slump height. The optimization analysis showed that, at 29.69% POFA and 98.75% Granite, compressive strength of 24.29 N/mm2 and slump height of 89.36mm were achieved. The optimum strength found is slightly higher than the maximum strength achieved (24.27N/mm2) at 90 days and also, slightly lower than the control (25.33 N/mm2).
CERTIFICATION
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of the study 1
1.2 Scope 4
1.4 Justification 5
1.5 Statement of Problem 5
1.6 Aim 5
1.7 Objectives 5
CHAPTER TWO 6
LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 Properties of concrete with POFA 6
2.1.1 Physical properties 6
2.1.2 Chemical Properties of POFA 7
2.1.3 Mechanical properties of POFA 8
2.2 Compressive Strength of Concrete with Replaced POFA 10
2.3 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) of Concrete with Replaced POFA 13
2.4 Workability of Concrete with Replaced POFA 14
2.5 Porosity of Concrete with Replaced POFA 16
2.6 Permeability of Concrete with Replaced POFA 18
2.7 Properties of Cement 19
2.7.1 Physical properties of Cement 19
2.7.2Mechanical properties of Cement 20
2.7.3Chemical Properties of Cement 20
2.7.4Cement hydration 20
CHAPTER THREE 22
Study Area 22
3.0 Materials Used and Methodology 22
3.1. Materials 22
3.1.1 Cement 23
3.1.2 Aggregate 23
3.1.3 Granite 23
3.1.4 Gravel 23
3.1.5 Water 24
3.1.6 Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) 24
3.2 Methodology 25
3.2.1. Sieve Analysis Procedure 25
3.2.2 Specific Gravity of Ordinary Portland Cement Determination 26
3.2.2.1 Experimental Procedure 27
3.3: Concrete Mix Design 29
3.4 Fresh Concrete Workability 30
3.5 Density 31
3.6 Determination of Compressive Strength 31
CHAPTER FOUR 33
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 33
4.1 Oxides Composition of POFA 33
4.2 Grain size distributions from sieve analysis 34
4.3 Compressive Strength Test Results 35
4.4 Optimum Mix Ratio Determination 52
CHAPTER FIVE 53
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 53
5.1 Conclusion 53
5.2 Recommendation 54
REFERENCES 55
Evaluation Of Mechanical Properties Of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (Pofa) Blended – Granite – Gravel Concrete. (n.d.). UniTopics. https://www.unitopics.com/project/material/evaluation-of-mechanical-properties-of-palm-oil-fuel-ash-pofa-blended-granite-gravel-concrete/
“Evaluation Of Mechanical Properties Of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (Pofa) Blended – Granite – Gravel Concrete.” UniTopics, https://www.unitopics.com/project/material/evaluation-of-mechanical-properties-of-palm-oil-fuel-ash-pofa-blended-granite-gravel-concrete/. Accessed 20 September 2024.
“Evaluation Of Mechanical Properties Of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (Pofa) Blended – Granite – Gravel Concrete.” UniTopics, Accessed September 20, 2024. https://www.unitopics.com/project/material/evaluation-of-mechanical-properties-of-palm-oil-fuel-ash-pofa-blended-granite-gravel-concrete/
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