Design And Development Of Heart Rate Valve Using Fingertip

Abstract

This work is on a microcontroller based heart rate valve using fingertip. It is a low cost and portable method that is proposed and implemented to measure heartbeat using the microcontroller device with LCD output. Heart rate of the subject is measured from the finger using infrared sensors. The heart rate is a parameter most significance to medicine, physics and many other fields. The heart rate is closely related to the function and status of the human heart. More than two million people are at high risk of having heart attack. It would be helpful if there was a way for these people to monitor their heart. So, we have a problem. That is the way our project focuses on how we can utilize this problem and find a solution. The heart rate of a person is different depends on the age. The most heart rate measuring tools and environments are expensive and do not follow ergonomics. Here heart is measured by employing the pulse method i.e. blood flow in to the finger. Heart rate for healthy person is around 72 beats per minute, babies have a around 120 bpm, older children have heart rate at around 90 bpm.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWELDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
• LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
• APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
• METHODOLOGY
• DEFINITION OF TERMS

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• OVERVIEW OF THE HEARTBEAT
• FACTORS INFLUENCING HEART RATE
• FACTORS DECREASING HEART RATE
• REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

CHAPTER THREE

SYSTEM DESIGN

• BLOCK DIAGRAM
• CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
• HARDWARE REQUIRED
• PROPOSED SYSTEM
• SYSTEM FLOW CHART
• SYSTEM SOFTWARE
• ADVANTAGES
• APPLICATIONS
• POWER SUPPLY UNIT
• LCD DISPLAY
• MICROCONTROLLER UNIT

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     TESTING AND RESULTS

• CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE
• CASING AND PACKAGING
• ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
• PACKAGING
• MOUNTING PROCEDURE
• TESTING
• RESULT ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSION
• RECOMMENDATION
• REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                           INTRODUCTION

1.1                                                           BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

According to R.G. Landaeta (2016), heart rate indicates the soundness of our heart and helps assessing the condition of cardiovascular system. In clinical environment, heart rate is measured under controlled conditions like blood measurement, heart voice measurement, and Electrocardiogram (ECG) [H. Shim, 2008] but it can be measured in home environment also [P. F. Binkley, 2003]. Our heart pounds to pump oxygen-rich blood to our muscles and to carry cell waste products away from our muscles. The more we use our muscles, the harder our heart works to perform these tasks- means our heart must beat faster to deliver more blood. A heart rate monitor is simply a device that takes a sample of heartbeats and computes the Beats per Minute (bpm) so that the information can easily be used to track heart condition.

Due to the advancement in Technology in the field of Medical Science it has become much easier to determine different parameters of a patient through electronic machine-like Heart rate, temperature etc. One such electronic device is Heart rate monitoring System.

The heart rate monitor is personal monitoring device that allows subject to measure their heart rate in real time.Heart rate measurement is one of the most important parameters of human cardiovascular system. This project explains how a single chip microcontrollercan be used to analyse heart rate bit signals in real time. A compact sensor is used to monitor the heart beat in analog form. Temperature sensors and heart beat sensors is connected monitor the patient condition. To check the condition of the patient we required thermometer.

The Hardware and software design are oriented towards a single-chip microcontroller-based system. The specialist at a distance can monitor the patient condition so that we can save the life. This system is to be available at reasonable prices. The heart rate of a person is different depends on the age. The most heart rate measuring tools and environments are expensive and do not follow ergonomics.

The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.

1.2                                     PROBLEM STATEMENT

As heart related diseases are increasing day by day, the need for an accurate and affordable heart rate measuring device or heart monitor is essential to ensure quality of health. However, most heart rate measuring tools and environments are expensive and do not follow ergonomics. The proposed Heart Rate Measuring (HRM) device is economical and user friendly and uses optical technology to detect the flow of blood through index finger.

1.3                           AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The main aim of this study is to build an economical and user friendly and uses optical device for detect the flow of blood through index finger. The objectives are:

1. to provide a reliable means of heart rate measurement
2. to have the knowledge of optical technology

• to provide an easy means of taking heart rate measurement

1.4                                                           SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

This device provides an accurate reading of the heart rate using optical technology. The device is ergonomic, portable, durable, and cost effective. We incorporated the optical technology using standard Light Emitting Diode (LED) and photo-sensor to measure the heart rate within seconds using index finger. A microcontroller is programmed to count the pulse. The heart rate is digitally displayed on an LCD controlled by the same microcontroller that counts the pulse.

1.5                                                  LIMITATION OF STUDY

As we all know that no human effort to achieve a project goes without difficulties, certain constraints were encountered in the course of carrying out this on heart rate valve using fingertip are as follows:-

1. Difficulty in information collection: I found it too difficult in laying hands of useful information regarding heart rate valve using fingertip and this course me to visit different libraries and internet for solution.
2. Difficulty in parts gathering: I found it too difficult when gathering electronics parts used for the prototype.

• Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet).

1.6                                                      SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research work will throw more light on the best techniques for taking heart rate measurement. This study will also be designed to be of immense benefit to all health personnel.

It will also serve as a guide to whoever that wants to purchase a heart rate monitoring device.

Finally, it will also serve as a useful piece of information for both producers and users of heart rate measuring device.

1.7                                                                                                                                                                         APPLICATIONS OF HEARTBEAT MONITOR

1. Works as a Digital Heart Rate monitor

• Works as a Patient Health Monitoring System
• Used as a Bio-Feedback control of robotic applications

1.8                                         METHODOLOGY

To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved:

1. Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.
2. Draw a block diagram.

• Test for continuity of components and devices,

1. programming of microcontroller
2. Design and calculation for the work was carried out.
3. Studying of various component used in circuit.

• Construct the whole circuit.
• Finally, the whole device was cased and final test was carried out.

1.9                                                  DEFINITION OF TERMS

Atrial Fibrillation (AFib or AF) – A type of irregular heartbeat that occurs when the upper chambers of the heart beat very fast and unpredictably, producing an irregular heartbeat.

Autonomic Reflex Testing – A series of tests that monitor blood pressure, blood flow, heart rate, skin temperature, and sweating in response to stimuli to determine if the autonomic nervous system is functioning normally.

Bradycardia – A slower than normal heart rate of under 60 beats per minute.

Cardiologist – A doctor who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases in the heart and blood vessels.

Cryptogenic Stroke – A stroke of unknown cause.

Echocardiogram – A device that provides a “moving” picture of the heart, heart valves, and how the heart is pumping.

Electrocardiogram (ECG) – A test that records the heart’s electrical activity.

Electroencephalogram (EEG) – A test that records brain wave activity to help determine where seizures may occur.

Electrophysiologist – A cardiologist who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormal heartbeats, including when the heart beats too fast, too slow, or in a way that pumps blood inefficiently.

Electrophysiology (EP) Study – A test that reproduces abnormal heart rhythms and extra heartbeats so the heart’s electrical impulses and responses to the heartbeats can be evaluated.

Heart Palpitations  – Sensations that feel like the heart is pounding, racing, fluttering, skipping, or adding a beat.

Hemodynamic Testing – A test that evaluates the blood flow and pressure when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood throughout the body.