Design And Construction Of Automatic Load Controller And Monitoring Device

ABSTRACT

Electricity demands in hospitals and other public places are characterized by their need for high quality, guaranteed supplies. The existence of captive electricity uses and the size and regularity of the electrical and heat loads required by hospitals are aspects that could well buttress the possibility of installing cogeneration plants fired by natural gas (CHP).

The purpose of this project is to estimate the CHP technical potential in hospitals. Based on a classification of hospitals by specific energy consumption indicators, this potential are assessed, taking into consideration gas fueled engines associated with absorption cooling systems. A potential figure of approximately 500 MWe was obtained, whose effective implementation runs up against the obstacles inherent to hospital sector.

Electricity demands in hospitals and other public places are characterized by their need for high quality, guaranteed supplies. The existence of captive electricity uses and the size and regularity of the electrical and heat loads required by hospitals are aspects that could well buttress the possibility of installing cogeneration plants fired by natural gas (CHP).

This work is a microcontroller based. The microcontroller based load sharing and control system is a device that automatically controls overload on a generator by sharing power and cut off supply once the power consumption exceeds the amount of power supplied. The control system for controlling the AC loads will be selected within a power range of 500W. This is achieved by using a microcontroller PIC16F877A to automatically detect an overload and subsequently cut off supply. The method used in the project provides necessary stages from overload detection to switching/cutting off supply. The main aim of the work is to provide a non-interrupted power supply to the energy consumers. By implementation of this scheme the problem of interruption of supply due to generator overloading can be avoided. The work was fairly successful and there liability level expected is commendable as this may also create room for improvement. The project was tested and observed that it cut off supply as soon as the microcontroller senses an overload on the system by the user.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWELDGEMENT

ABSTRCT

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• AIM OF THE PROJECT
• PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
• DISADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT
• METHODOLOGY
• PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0      LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1      OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY

2.2      EFFECT OF EXCESS LOAD ON POWER GENERATING EQUIPMENT

2.3      HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

2.4      WHY THE ELECTRICAL SUPPLY CAPACITY IS LESS THAN DEMAND

2.5      LOAD S SHARING PROCEDURES
2.6      TYPES OF LOAD SHARING

2.7      REVIEW OF THE RELATED STUDY

CHAPTER THREE

3.0      CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY

3.1      SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM

3.2      MICROCONTROLLER DESIGN

3.3      INTERFACING LCD TO PIC16F877A

3.4      CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.5      SOFTWARE IMPLIMENTATION

3.6      COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

37       POWER SUPPLY

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0       RESULT ANALYSIS

4.1      TESTING AND RESULTS

4.2      ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS

4.3      CONSRUCTION OF THE CASING

4.4      TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION

4.5    INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLETED DESIGN

4.6    DISCUSSION

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSIONS
• RECOMMENDATION

5.3     REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION

1.1                          BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

Electricity is an extremely handy and useful form of energy. It plays an ever growing role in our modern industrialized society. The electrical power systems are highly non-linear, extremely huge and complex networks [1]. Such electric power systems are unified for economical benefits, increased reliability and operational advantages. They are one of the most significant elements of both national and global infrastructure, and when these systems collapse it leads to major direct and indirect impacts on the economy and national security [2]. This makes one to realize that if load is increasing rapidly and power generation is constant then it is not possible for the system to drive the future needs. For this reason distributed power generations is receiving an attention of the researchers around the globe to be used in remote and rural areas [3].

A power system consists of components such as generators, lines, transformers, loads, switches and compensators. However, a widely dispersed power sources and loads are the general configuration of modern power systems. Electric power systems can be divided into two sub- systems, namely, transmission systems and distribution systems. The main process of a transmission system is to transfer electric power from electric generators to customer area, whereas a distribution system provides an ultimate link between high voltage transmission systems and consumer services. This generator can supply important domestic or industrial loads during power shortages. One problem facing generator usage is overloading by consumers which affects the efficiency of the generator. To improve the quality of power with sufficient solutions, it is necessary to be familiar with what sort of constraint as occurred. Additionally, if there is any inadequacy in the protection, monitoring and control of a power system, the system might become unstable. The problems of overloading, voltage variation and heating effects are very common. It takes a lot of time for its repair and also involves lot of expenditure. This work is all about protecting the generator from overload condition. Therefore, it necessitates a monitoring system that is able to automatically detect, monitor, typify and classify the existing constraints on the generator. The introduction of the power sharing and monitoring unit will help to protect the generator against overload by different consumers and automatically disconnect the consumer when the load exceeds the maximum power demand to the particular consumer.

1.2                                                  PROBLEM STATEMENT

In today’s world, there is a continuous need for automatic appliances with the increase in standard of living, there is a sense of urgency for developing circuits that would ease the complexity of life.

The project is designed to operate or control an electrical load multiple number of times as per the program. It overcomes the difficulties of switching the load ON/OFF manually.

Load shedding is what electric utilities do when there is a huge demand for electricity that exceeds the supply.

1.3                                                   AIM OF THE PROJECT

The main aim of this work is to build a microcontroller based device the that control on/off a power supply whenever there is excess load on the system.

1.4                                              PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

This project is required for load sharing time management which is used when the electricity demand exceeds the supply and there comes a need for manually switching ON/OFF the electrical devices in time. However the purpose of the system is to eliminates the manual operation by automatically switching the load ON/OFF

1.5                                                 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

Programmable automatic load controller and sharing system is a reliable circuit that takes over the manual task of switch ON/OFF the electrical devices with respect to time. Power sharing and monitoring unit will help to protect the generator against overload by different consumers and automatically disconnect the consumer when the load exceeds the maximum power demand to the particular consumer.

1.6                            SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

1. Prevents overloading and damage of the power generators
2. Prevents instability and system collapse of the electrical generation and distribution systems

• Ensures that consumers or parts of the network have power as opposed to a total blackout.

1. The planned schedules ensure that available capacity is shared fairly and each consumer gets power at one time or another.
2. It serves as a warning to the utility hence forcing them to increase capacity, and efficiency so as to meet the demand.

1.7                                  DISADVANTAGES OF LOAD SHEDDING

1. One another major problem in our society created by load sharing is safety. Even though this point looks far fetched it is a dangerous problem. People in our society not only work at day but have night shifts as well. These people face serious threat from attackers at night specially walking down dark narrow lanes with no light. They can be easy prey to any thieves or robbers.
2. The other disadvantage is that the students are going to have a hard time studying without light. Our country’s future looks dark if the students who are to lead the country in future are deprived of the basic infrastructure which helps them move forward. Load shedding not only stops them from reading and writing but blocks the path to them getting knowledge through internet, television etc.

iii. Other disadvantages can be people and hospitals having problems with their day to day activities. Offices not being able to run properly, people not being able to do their work on time. These are only branches of a huge problem our country faces. The root problem could lead to financial breakdown and an economic misbalance in the country with all the importing of electricity and everything.

1. The utilities may not increased the output
2. Restoring the load may cause more instabilities

1.8                                         METHODOLOGY

To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved:

1. Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.
2. Draw a block diagram.

• Test for continuity of components and devices,

1. programming of microcontroller
2. Design and calculation for the changeover was carried out.
3. Studying of various component used in circuit.

• Construct a digital changeover circuit.
• Finally, the whole device was cased and final test was carried out.

1.9                                                         PROJECT ORGANISATION

The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work,   chapter two presents the literature review of the study,  chapter three describes the methods applied,  chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.