Design And Construction Of An Electrical Street Lighting

ABSTRACT

This project is on design and construction of a street lighting using conventional power supply. As the name implies, a Street light is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or walkway, which is turned on or lit at a certain time every night. Modern lamps may also have light-sensitive photocells to turn them on at dusk, off at dawn, or activate automatically in dark weather. In older lighting this function would have been performed with the aid of a solar dial. It is not uncommon for street lights to be on poles which have wires strung between them, or mounted on utility poles.

This work is aimed at designing a street lighting using 220VAC as the power supply.

TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWELDGEMENT

ABSTRCT

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0      INTRODUCTION

1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

1.2      PROBLEM STATEMENT

1.3      AIM OF THE PROJECT

1.4      OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

1.5      PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

1.6      SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

1.7      ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT

1.8     APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

1.9     SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

1.10   LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

1.11   PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

2.0      LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1      REVIEW OF HISTORY OF LIGHTING

2.3      REVIEW AND DESCRIPTION OF LED STREET LIGHT

2.4      REVIEW OF ADVANTAGES OF LED STREET LIGHTS

2.5      DISADVANTAGES OF LED STREETLIGHTS

CHAPTER THREE

3.0      CONSTRUCTION

• CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
• THE COMPONENTS USED IN THIS CIRCUIT
• WORKING OF AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT CONTROLLER SWITCH CIRCUIT THE BLOCK DIAGRAM
• IMPORTANCE AND FUNCTION OF THE COMPONENTS USED IN THIS CIRCUIT

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0            TESTS AND RESULTS

• TESTING
• RESULT
• COST ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSIONS
• RESULT

5.4     REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION

1.1                                           BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The idea behind the design of this system is to make available the require illumination in our roads for nighttime events, security, and beautification. This goes a long way in helping to curb the problem frequently encountered as a result of darkness during nighttime such as thieves, arm robbers operations or wide animals approaching our homes during night hours.

A street lighting is any electrical lighting that is fixed outside house for the illumination of such environment or a Street light is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or walkway, which is turned on or lit at a certain time every night.

In this project, 220vac supply which is the household power supply was used to directly power the LED lamp used.

In Nigeria, household power is single-phase electric power, with two or three wired contacts at each outlet.

• The live wire (also known as phase, hot or active contact), carries alternating current between the power grid and the household.
• The neutral wire completes the electrical circuit by also carrying alternating current between the power grid and the household. The neutral is connected to the ground, and therefore has nearly the same electrical potential as the earth. This prevents the power circuits from increasing beyond earth voltage, such as when they are struck by lightning or become otherwise charged.
• The earth wire or ground connects the chassis of equipment to earth ground as a protection against faults (electric shock), such as if the insulation on a “hot” wire becomes damaged and the bare wire comes into contact with the metal chassis or case of the equipment.

Various earthing systems are used to ensure that the ground and neutral wires have the correct voltages, to prevent shocks when touching grounded objects.

In some installations, there may be two live conductors which carry alternating currents in a three wire single-phase circuit.

Small portable electrical equipment is connected to the power supply through flexible cables terminated in a plug, which is then inserted into a fixed receptacle (socket). Larger household electrical equipment and industrial equipment may be permanently wired to the fixed wiring of the building. For example, in North American homes a window-mounted self-contained air conditioner unit would be connected to a wall plug, whereas the central air conditioning for a whole home would be permanently wired. Larger plug and socket combinations are used for industrial equipment carrying larger currents, higher voltages, or three phase electric power.

Circuit breakers and fuses are used to detect short circuits between the live and neutral wires, or the drawing of more current than the wires are rated to handle to prevent overheating and fire. These protective devices are usually mounted in a central panel in a building, but some wiring systems also provide an over current protection device at the socket or within the plug.

Residual-current devices, also known as ground-fault circuit interrupters and appliance leakage current interrupters, are used to detect ground faults – leakage of current to somewhere other than the neutral and live wires (like the ground wire or a person). When a ground fault is detected, the device quickly cuts off the circuit.

1.2                                                  PROBLEM STATEMENT

In the day time people move freely with lesser environmental or domestic accident but in the night hours there are lots of accident and stumbling in our homes of roads. Street light came to bring solution to this problem, street light electrifies our environment for easy and clear access and also add beauty to it.

1.3                                                   AIM OF THE PROJECT

The main aim of this work is to automatically switch ON lights when the sunlight goes below the visible region of our eyes. This is done by a sensor called Light Dependant Resistor (LDR) which senses the light actually like our eyes. It automatically switches OFF lights whenever the sunlight comes, visible to our eyes. The manual part of this work comes in place when the automatic circuit fails.

1.4                                            OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

At the end of this work, student involved shall be able to:

1. Build this device
2. The automation and manual operation of the system shall be observed.

1.5                                                PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

1. The main purpose of having street lighting at roads is for lighting up your road – for beauty, illumination, safety and security.
2. Reduce energy consumption
3. To reduce human labour.
4. To reduce the cost of employing operators

1.6                                               SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

Major significance of street lighting includes: prevention of accidents and increase in safety. Studies have shown that darkness results in a large number of crashes and fatalities, especially those involving pedestrians; pedestrian fatalities are 3 to 6.75 times more likely in the dark than in daylight. Street lighting has been found to reduce pedestrian crashes by approximately 50%.

Street lighting at roads is for lighting up your road – for beautification, safety and security.

By using this Automatic system for street light controlling, we can reduce energy consumption because the manually operated street lights are not switched off properly even the sunlight comes and also not switched on earlier before sunset.

The manual part of this work is used in case of the system failure in the automatic circuit the user can switch over to manual till when the problem is rectified.

1.7                                          APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

There are four distinct main uses of street lights, each requiring different types of lights and placement. Misuse of the different types of lights can make the situation worse by compromising visibility or safety.

1. Beacon lights
2. Roadway lights

• Street light control systems

1. Image-based street light control
2. Military use

1.8                                          ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT

By using this automatic system for street light controlling, we can reduce energy consumption because the manually operated street lights are not switch off properly even the sun light comes and Also not switched on earlier before sunset

1. Low cost
2. Automated operation
3. Low power consumption
4. Very flexible

1.9                                 PROBLEM/LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

Easy to manufactured in sunny and rainy days, on and off time differ notice which is one of the major disadvantages of using timer circuit or manual operation for switching the street light system.

1.10                                               SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The idea behind the design of this system is to make available the require illumination in our roads for nighttime events, security, and beautification. This goes a long way in helping to curb the problem frequently encountered as a result of darkness during nighttime such as thieves, arm robbers operations or wide animals approaching our homes during night hours.

A street lighting is any electrical lighting that is fixed outside house for the illumination of such environment or a Street light is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or walkway, which is turned on or lit at a certain time every night.

Many of the people have a phobia of darkness, so to assist them in such situation, we have explained a simple circuit. It will automatically turn on street light in the way of LEDs or bulb coupled with relay. This system employed the output from an uncomplicated light/dark activated circuit and oblige a relay in its output which can be further attached to switch ON/OFF a street light and electrical application in a household also.

1.11                                                      PROJECT ORGANISATION

The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.