Design And Construction Of A Two-Digit Digital Counter

ABSTRACT

In this work, we designed and constructed a digital counter circuit. The initial design criteria for the project were: to have a two digit output, to have the circuit count from 0-99, to include either a 555 timer or manual counter. Research was conducted into similar analogue electronic circuits and a suitable point of a digital die was identified. The digital counter circuit was designed using BCD 4506 binary counters and 7-segment display outputs. The circuit was modeled using proteus, which showed that the concept used in the design was okay. The circuit was then implemented and tested on a bread board before transferring it to a mother board. There are two modes of operation of the circuit: through manual switch which increments on its push, and through a 555 clock which increments automatically. In the end we were able to design and construct a two-digit, digital counter that was able to count between 0-99 using a 4026IC, shadow sensor and a 555 timer. The input clock pulses were from shadow sensors. We also discovered that the counter could be used to count many real world events; in different sectors.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0      INTRODUCTION

1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

• AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
• PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
• APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
• LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
• PROJECT ORGANIZATION

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• OVERVIEW OF DIGITAL COUNTER
• REVIEW OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF DIGITAL

 CHAPTER THREE

3.0     CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY

3.1      THEORY

3.2      MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.3      SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM

3.4      SYSTEM OPERATION

3.5      SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.6      WORKING OF TWO DIGIT COUNTER CIRCUIT

3.7      POWER SUPPLY UNIT

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULT AND TEST ANALYSIS

• CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING ANALYSIS
• CASING AND PACKAGING
• ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
• TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
• INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLETED DESIGN

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0      CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

• CONCLUSION
• RECOMMENDATION
• REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION

1.1                                         BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

Generally, you can see the digital displays which display the score when buttons are pressed on score boards. The main heart of this score board is 2 digits up down counter circuit. The 2 digits are displayed on two 7 segment displays.

An instrument which, in its simplest form, provides an output that corresponds to the number of pulses applied to its input is termed a digital counter. In digital logic, a counter is a device which stores (and sometimes displays) the number of times a particular event or process has occurred, often in relationship to a clock signal. A circuit which performs this function and has these characteristics is generally referred to as a digital counter [1].

Counting circuits belong to a particular class of sequential circuits. Each has one particular input and a number of outputs which follows some digital codes. The counter itself is a J-K flip-flop. Two major types of counting circuits exist; the Batch and the Measurement types [2].

Digital counters operate in the binary number system. This is so because binary system is  easily and quickly carried out with electronic circuitry. Computer information is expressed in binary form (bits) because of the convenience of handling two clearly-defined states.

Digital counters since decade has been built and modified with a number of ongoing industry initiatives that have done much valuable work to define customer requirements. Counters are also useful in many applications of sequential logic that has a widespread use from simple digital alarm clocks to computer memory pointers. A counter is a collection of flip flops, each representing a digit in a binary number representation. Counters are found in many places where you might not expect to find them. A real estate agent uses a gadget she places on a wall to measure interior dimensions (distance between walls). The gadget uses a counter to time how long it takes an acoustical signal to travel across the room and return after reflecting off the opposite wall.

In this project, we build a 2 digit up down counter circuit using 4026 ic. Main principle of the 2 Digit Counter circuit is to increment the values on seven segment displays by pressing the button. When button 1 is pressed, the value on the display is incremented by one and when the other button is pressed, the value on the display is decremented by one.

The value on the display can be incremented and decremented from 0-99 as it uses only 2 displays. If you want to display 3 digits, three displays should be used i.e. three 7-Segment Displays. There are many circuits available for 2 digit counter but using a microcontroller reduces components and space on the board but simple programming is required.

1.2                                      AIM / OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

The aim of this work is to design a two digit display which is used for counting. The idea behind this device is that it uses digital technology to count the occurrence of one event and showcase result. At the end of this work this device shall be designed.

1.3                                              PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

The purpose of this work is to digitally display figure between 0 to 99 using ic 4026.

1.4                                                 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

This device is designed to display two digit display. In this project, we build a 2 digit digital counter circuit using 4026 ic. Main principle of the 2 Digit digital Counter circuit is to increment the values on seven segment displays by pressing the button. When button 1 is pressed, the value on the display is incremented by one and when the other button is pressed, the value on the display is decremented by one.

1.5                                         SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

Digital counter is used to calculate the total time taken by the machinery. It can also be considered as an alarm and is found in microwaves, VCR, and various automobiles testing industry. Digital Timers is a device which has an importance for every person in the domestic and industrial sector as well. It is a device that helps in procuring your money by saving the electricity bill. Digital watches and clocks are prevalent in gym instruments and are also very common in electrical instruments and automobiles. Digital timers are specifically designed so that they can be used in scientific and research areas because they help in keeping a record of the events and results from the experiments.

1.6                                         APPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT

• It is used to count number of persons entering a room. It is used essentially in digital computers and other digital devices for memory storage and counting in different bases.
• The binary counting circuit can be modified and used in radioactivity Rate Meter for count rate per
• It can be modified and applied in frequency-dividing
• It can be used in digital clocks and timers for counting
• This circuit can be used in scoreboards.
• Up/down counter is used for counting number of objects passed through a point.

1.7                                          LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT

This particular Counter circuit is limited to 2 digits i.e. 0-99. If more than 3 digits are required, one should use another display which requires more pins from the controller.

1.8                                                         PROJECT ORGANIZATION

The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work,   chapter two presents the literature review of the study,  chapter three describes the methods applied,  chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.