Design And Construction Of A Rain Detector Using Two Transistors

ABSTRACT

Due to the rate of damages that occur to our industrials and homes possessions during rainfall, this rain was built to give an alarm indication  the instant it starts to rain, hopefully giving you time to close windows and bring in possessions in our homes and to keep so many of our industrial machines in a proper place.  The alarm has also the ability to indicate when it stops raining, by that time the alarm will stop.

This project was designed to indicate when it is raining using two transistors which is the main aim of this work.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
• LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
• TYPES OF RAIN ALARM
• PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0      LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1      REVIEW OF RAIN SENSOR
2.2      RAIN SENSOR DESIGN
2.3      REVIEW OF THE MAJOR COMPONENTS USED

CHAPTER THREE

3.0      CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY

3.1      BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM

3.2      CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.3      CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

3.4      SYSTEM OPERATION

3.5      COMPONENTS LIST

3.6     DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR COMPONENTS USED

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0       RESULT ANALYSIS

4.1      CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING

4.2      ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS

4.3      CONSRUCTION OF THE CASING

4.4      TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION

4.5    INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLETED DESIGN

4.6    COST ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSIONS
• RECOMMENDATION

5.3     REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                      INTRODUCTION

1.1                          BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The water alarm detector is a self-contained electronic device that sounds an alarm when its sensor is in contact with water. It can be used near water heaters, washing machines, sump pumps, bathtubs, toilets, dishwashers, and high-efficiency furnace pumps.

Water alarms will detect leaks from toilets that have the potential to cause mold growth.

Slow leaks from appliances and plumbing fixtures often go unnoticed. Excess moisture and standing water from a slow leak can cause extensive damage to the floors and walls of your home. There is also the potential for mold growth. A water alarm detector will let you know if there is a moisture problem.

There are two types of water alarm detectors-passive and active. The passive detector uses a 9-volt battery. The moisture sensor is placed on the floor and activates the alarm when it becomes wet. Damp locations or high temperatures may reduce the life of the battery, so the detector should be checked regularly to see if it is working properly. These detectors can be purchased at most home improvement stores.

The main aim of this work is to build a rain detector using two transistors that alert the user at the beginning of rainfall.

1.2                                   PROBLEM STATEMENT

People often forget to lift the suspension of clothing during the day which exposes their clothes to rain which makes their clothes to take longer time to dry.  Most especially people who are working or doing business, they don’t worry about their clothes that have been dried outside. This device brings solution to this problem. This project develop for working couple or busy people, it gives an indicator of rain drop via alarm.

1.3                  AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The main aim of this work is to build a device that will produce an alarm at the start of rain. The objectives of the work are:

1. To give an indication at the start of the rain
2. To complete the electrical circuit to detect the presence of rain

• To detect even the slightest water and sound an alarm when exposed to rain.

1.4                        SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

A rain sensor is an automated device that shuts off your lawn irrigation system every time it rains. It is a relatively cheap device that can save up to 45 percent of your water bills, help protect the environment and conserve water.

A rain sensor is mounted outdoors away from trees and roof over hangs so that it can collect rainwater without obstruction. A rain sensor can either be wired or wirelessly attached into a lawn irrigation system. Below are the five advantages of using a rain sensor.

1. Conserve Water

There is a lot of water that you can save by using a rain sensor. By automatically turning off your lawn irrigation system every time it rains, the conserved water can be used in other essential purposes such as fighting fire.

2. Prevent Disease Damage and Nutrient Loss

Over-watering prevent the roots of your plants from reaching deep into the ground making your plants vulnerable to disease. Over-watering is also one of the major cause of nutrient loss in plants as excessive watering washes away the nutrients of the soil leaving your plants weak and unhealthy.

3. Save Money on Fertilizer

A rain sensor prevents you from overwatering your plants and lawn. When a plant is overwatered, the nutrients from the turf wash away into the drainage system. You have to compensate by adding more fertilizers to your lawn and plants. This means spending more money on fertilizers. With a rain sensor that effectively prevents your lawn irrigation system from overwatering your lawn and plants, your garden turf will remain to be an ideal environment for your plants in accordance with the fertilizer that you are using.

4. Increase the Life-span of your Irrigation System

Using a rain sensor prevents unnecessary wear and tear of your lawn irrigation system since it minimizes the amount of time that your lawn irrigation is in operation. This is especially useful during the rainy season where rain unpredictably come and go.

5. Prevent Groundwater and Waterways Pollution

A lawn irrigation system equipped with a rain sensor minimizes wasteful runoff such as pesticides, motor oil, fertilizer, pet waste and sediments from reaching your waterways. It also minimizes garden pollutants such as herbicides and fertilizers from getting into your groundwater system.

1.5                         APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

Rain alarm is an application which detects the rain water and blows alarm. They are useful devices and play an important role in various industries such as automobile, irrigation, and wireless communication.

1.6                                SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

This rain detector will give you a heads-up the instant it starts to rain, hopefully giving you time to close windows and bring in possessions. The current consumption of the circuit is very low, being able to use 2 batteries of 1.5 V in series and thus obtain 3 volts. It was built around two transistors. When the circuit is triggered, the buzzer is pulsed about once per second for a very short time, giving it a “dripping water” sound which seems appropriate.

1.7                                    TYPES OF WATER ALARMS

It’s a full time job keeping your basement dry.  Everyday threats include heavy rains, backed up sewage line, a leaky hose or even your neighbour emptying their pool.  Sump pumps are perfect for removing pooling water, and a backup battery and pump system help create peace of mind.  Even with a backup pump and battery system, failures happen.

It’s the water sensor and alarm system that act as your last line of defense; alerting you before disaster strikes.  In this post we’ll explore four different options of water alarms: the standard alarm, the phone dialler (or auto-dialler) alarm, the Wi-Fi enabled alarm, and the cellular sump pump alarm.

Standard Sump Pump Alarm.  The most cost-effective solution on the list is this group of sump pump alarms.  They are very simple and have a limited feature set.  For the user, just set the device on the floor and when water is sensed the alarm will sound. Some standard alarms work via battery power, some via a wall outlet, and some offer a wall plug with battery backup.

Pros: very affordable, easy setup, great if you’re going to be in close proximity of the unit to hear it.

Cons: rely on proximity, if you’re not close or can’t hear the alarm then you’re not being warned.  Cheaper units use low quality parts that may rust overtime, rendering them useless.

Phone or Auto Dialler Sump Pump Alarm.   The auto dialler alarm works much like the standard pump alarm; when water is sensed the device sounds an audible alarm.  The auto dialler has an added feature though; it can make a call out to your phone to warn you of the alarm.  The only way the call out feature works is when a phone line is present at the device, this could mean installing a line in the basement or having to run service to your home if you only use a cell phone for phone service, which is rather common these days.

Also, if there is a lightning strike, the surge will come in thru the unshielded phone wire and take-out the dialler. You usually don’t know it happened until you need the dialler, and it does not work. Also, sometimes diallers will not hang-up the phone line, disabling all the phones in your house. If this happened during an emergency, people calling your house will get a busy signal, and you have no idea what is happening;

Pros: calls to send alerts rather than just sounding an alarm, ensures you know there is a problem.

Cons: can run rather expensive at prices near, could be difficult to install if you do not already have a phone line running to your sump pump, could cost you long distance depending on where you’re calling, may be rendered useless by lightning, may not hang up and jam up your outgoing phone connection.

WiFi Auto Dialler Water Alarm.  The solution for installing a phone line is the Wi-Fi based sump pump alarm.  The solution works just like the Auto Dialler in that the device will call you when it senses water.  The one perk is that you can connect to your local wireless network and it will use VOIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol) to send the call. Some of these devices also allow remote data monitoring and the sending of emails or SMS messages.

If you do not have a wireless router or internet connection, then this will not be the right solution for your use. Also, unless your cable router and Wi-Fi access point are backed-up on a UPS (uninterruptible power supply), your Wi-Fi access point will be powered off during a power-fail event and will not be able to notify you of an alarm.

Pros: added features since it’s an internet connected device, no need to run phone lines to the alarm

Cons: rather expensive with most systems starting at greater than $300, could be difficult to install if you’re not familiar with wireless networks, must have a wireless internet connection for this system to work, must have a UPS system or you won’t receive notifications when power is lost to your home .

Cellular Sump Water Alarm.  These are the newest devices on the market and work like the standard sump pump alarm and sound an alarm when water is sensed.  Since they are cellular based they have text messaging built in and send out a message when the water sensor touches water.   These devices do not require a phone line or wireless internet connection to work, but do generally require a cell service plan.  Some cellular water alarms come bundled with the cellular card and are truly plug-in-play, others require a separate cell phone or dedicated-pre-pay phone that connects to the unit, making it a little more difficult to setup.   Cellular water alarms are the easiest to install systems that offer their particular features.  They install like a standard pump alarm but offer the features of more robust and harder to install systems.

Pros: easy to install, very cost effective, offer two notifications in the form of an audible alarm and a text message.

Cons: require cell service which is available just about everywhere but some spots do not get coverage

Choose the Right Technology. In the end, it does matter what technology you use.  You’ll want a water alarm that:

• alerts you no matter where you are, because leaks and floods can happen any time of day or night.
• sends messages when the power goes, as power is regularly knocked out during a storm.
• sends notifications direct to your mobile device, so you can take immediate action to prevent a flood.

1.9                        PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION

The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:

Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to rain alarm. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of rain alarm were discussed.

Chapter two is on literature review of rain alarm. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.

Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.

Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.

Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.