This project involves the design and construction of a 2KVA automatic voltage regulator (AVR) utilizing a microcontroller and display, to provide a stable 220V output despite input voltage fluctuations, protecting devices from damage and ensuring uninterrupted operation, with the microcontroller monitoring and controlling the output voltage, and the display showing real-time input and output voltage values, making it a valuable asset in areas with unstable power supply.
Voltage regulators play a crucial role in maintaining the stability of appliances in various settings, including homes, offices, and industries. However, mains supply often experiences significant voltage drops due to distribution line losses. To address this, a voltage regulator ensures that the output voltage to appliances remains at a nominal 220V, despite input voltage fluctuations. This project presents an automatic voltage regulator with adaptable power ratings, leveraging the intelligence of the PIC16F877A microcontroller. This low-cost, widely available microcontroller enables the circuit to maintain a stable 220V output, even when input mains voltage varies between 90V and 240V. The regulator responds swiftly, producing a smooth output within 100ms of input voltage changes, outperforming servo stabilizers which take seconds to adjust. Although programming the PIC16F877A microcontroller can be challenging due to its RISC architecture and limited instructions, supportive development tools are available to facilitate the process.
Cover Page
Title Page
Approval Page
Dedication
Acknowledgment
Abstract
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of the project
1.2 problem statement
1.3 Aim/objective of the project
1.4 Significance of the project
1.5 Scope of the project
1.6 Limitation of the project
1.7 Application of the project
1.8 Definition of terms
1.9 Methodology
1.10 Project organisation
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Historical background of the project
2.2 Stages in the development of voltage regulator
2.3 Stabilizer grading
2.4 Types of regulator
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 construction methodology
3.1 Block diagram
3.2 Circuit diagram
3.3 Circuit description
3.4 System operation
3.5 Description of major components used
3.6 Cost analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Result analysis
4.1 Construction procedure
4.2 Casing and packaging
4.3 Assembling section
4.4 System testing
4.5 Design precaution
The Design And Construction A 2Kva Automatic Voltage Regulator Using Microcontroller And Display. (n.d.). UniTopics. https://www.unitopics.com/project/material/design-and-construction-a-2kva-automatic-voltage-regulator-using-microcontroller-and-display/
“The Design And Construction A 2Kva Automatic Voltage Regulator Using Microcontroller And Display.” UniTopics, https://www.unitopics.com/project/material/design-and-construction-a-2kva-automatic-voltage-regulator-using-microcontroller-and-display/. Accessed 22 November 2024.
“The Design And Construction A 2Kva Automatic Voltage Regulator Using Microcontroller And Display.” UniTopics, Accessed November 22, 2024. https://www.unitopics.com/project/material/design-and-construction-a-2kva-automatic-voltage-regulator-using-microcontroller-and-display/
Here’s a typical structure for The Design And Construction A 2Kva Automatic Voltage Regulator Using Microcontroller And Display research projects:
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Designing and constructing a 2KVA Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) using a microcontroller and display involves integrating various components and functionalities to ensure stable voltage output. This project aims to provide a detailed overview of the design process and the key components involved.
The heart of the AVR system is the microcontroller, which serves as the central processing unit for monitoring input voltage levels and controlling the output to maintain a steady voltage. At the core of the microcontroller’s functionality is its ability to read input voltage values through analog-to-digital conversion. This process involves converting the varying input voltage into a digital signal that the microcontroller can process.
To achieve precise control over the output voltage, the microcontroller adjusts the voltage through a series of relays and transformers. These components are crucial as they allow the AVR to step up or step down the voltage as needed to maintain the desired output level. The relays serve as switches that control the connection of different windings in the transformer, thereby adjusting the output voltage in response to fluctuations in the input voltage.
In addition to voltage regulation, the AVR includes a display unit to provide real-time feedback to the user. The display typically shows both the input and output voltages, allowing users to monitor the performance of the AVR. This feedback mechanism is essential for ensuring that any deviations from the desired voltage range can be quickly identified and addressed.
The construction of the AVR involves careful assembly of these components onto a suitable PCB (Printed Circuit Board). The PCB serves as the physical foundation for connecting the microcontroller, relays, transformers, and display in a compact and organized manner. Careful attention is paid to layout and wiring to minimize interference and ensure reliable operation of the AVR under varying load conditions.
Programming the microcontroller involves developing firmware that governs its operation. The firmware includes algorithms for reading input voltages, calculating necessary adjustments, and controlling the relays to achieve the desired output voltage. Error handling routines are also implemented to manage unexpected situations such as power surges or component failures, ensuring the AVR operates safely and reliably.
Testing and calibration are critical phases in the development of the AVR. During testing, the AVR is subjected to various input voltage scenarios to evaluate its ability to maintain stable output voltages within specified tolerances. Calibration involves adjusting parameters within the microcontroller’s firmware to optimize performance and accuracy, ensuring the AVR meets design specifications.
In conclusion, designing and constructing a 2KVA AVR using a microcontroller and display requires a systematic approach encompassing design, component selection, PCB layout, firmware development, and rigorous testing. By integrating these elements effectively, the AVR can provide reliable voltage regulation suitable for a variety of applications, from small-scale residential use to industrial environments where stable power supply is critical.